Describe How Poverty, Social Class

U30 (P2) Health Psychology Describe 3 factors such as culture social class, gender, poverty and education may influence the way people respond to health and illness Poverty Imam’s house Individuals who are in poverty are more likely focused on the physiological l needs out of the hierarchy pyramid. My case study is sourced from BBC documentary, toughest place to be a bin man and is about a man called Imam Syaffi. Syaffi is 28 and lives in Indonesia with a monthly income of ? 8 by working six days a week from 6am to midnight as a rubbish collector and running extra errands for his wealthy neighbours as well as sorting and selling recycled rubbish. Imam lives in a shanty village with his wife, son and parents and their home is near to the mini landfill where Imam’s rubbish that he collects is transferred to a bigger landfill but it rarely does. Imam’s wages cover rent and small amount of food. Other luxuries are what Imam finds in the rubbish such as used shelves, mattresses and chairs.Imam’s home is a giant health hazard as the rubbish near his house causes disease and encourages mosquitoes, flies and rats to infect the village, himself and his family. However, Indonesian government don’t supply health care like in England causing Imam to risk the possibilities of catching malaria, streptobacillosis or worse. Imam’s influences on poverty make him choose to supply the physiological needs of paying rent and food than constantly supply ways to protect his and family’s health and pay expensive medical bills.Also, Imam finds it hard to provide healthcare for his family because upper classes can easily call authorities to make him unemployed if he isn’t doing his job properly if he needs to take the day off to take his wife to the hospital. However, Imam’s secret shows that he sneakily shows the upper-class that his cart is broken and unable to work by pulling out a tyre so he can take an occasional day of f for the family.Also, Imam’s dedication to provide for the family by working over 12 hours each day can make him very stressed and tired which can causes him to have poor health but he would rather work more hours if he could so he could provide more luxuries for his family. Furthermore, the food Imam can buy with his salary shows that he can only afford basic foods such as milk for the son, water, rice and rare portions of meat and vegetables so that leads to poor nutrition compared to English rubbish collector Wilbur Ramirez from the documentary who has a better life but has the same job title as Imam.Social Class Contrasting from my discussion about poverty I want to make a case study upon Wilbur Ramirez. Wilbur Ramirez job title is similar to Imam Syaffi but because his social class is higher than Imam that means that Wilbur escapes from being in serious poverty. Wilbur monthly salary is ? 1,700 and manages to live in Hammersmith, west London with his wife and three chil dren. Hammersmith is decent area for families to live in London and quoted by a local, ‘I can't think of anywhere better to be a child than one of London's inner suburbs like Hammersmith’.Wilbur’s hierarchy of needs are very different than Imam as he’ll be marked to fulfilling up to self-accusation because all the other needs are met because of his lifestyle as a working class English citizen. Wilbur’s job as bin man is less stressful due to shorter shifts than Imam and better pay which reduces risk of heart disease or tiredness. This means Wilbur is able to afford house bills as well as to provide for his family and buy extra luxuries.Therefore, I believe his opinion on health and illness would be more focused about how he looks after himself by being trained by his employer to use the uniform when touching rubbish by always wearing gloves. Also, England’s public health and NHS targets people like Wilbur to be constantly cautious about their health unlike the rest of the world like Indonesia. Therefore, Wilbur would be cautious about giving his family good nutrition and easily receive professional health care because its tax paid. Picture of Imam (left) and Wilbur (right) CultureDifferent cultures in general effects our responses to health and gives our opinion on what causes illness, how it’s treated, who should we seek for assistance? In the industrialised world in USA it sees’ disease as a form of a negative substance infecting the body that can be treated with medicine or hospital equipment to diagnose and treat the patient from the disease. However, other cultures believe that disease is caused by a paranormal activity and prayers, spiritual rituals or visiting a witch doctor would release the disease out of the body and destroyed by a higher authority.This shows that health professionals should give patient compliance due to the sensitivity of one’s culture. Studies of group of Cambodian pati ents were reassured throughout their therapy by understanding how the medicines and the body work due to lack of education. However, since 2010 the quality of health is rising in Cambodia to increase the life expectancy and making awareness towards HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases but in Ratanakiri, Cambodia is receiving the worst healthcare causing endemic case of malaria, tuberculosis, intestinal parasites, cholera, diarrhoea and measles.Also, maternal/ child mortality and severe malnutrition are issues that causes poor health and illness. Ratanakiri locals are most likely to respond to their faith which is most likely to be Buddhism to gain better health than modern health care. In Buddhism it’s believed that a person suffering from physical disease also suffers from a poor mindset therefore they have to devote their entire life to their faith and releases what poisoned their body; greed, anger and ignorance to heal the illness.However, modern health care is accessible in this province but the medical equipment and supplies are minimal and the staff are poorly trained and irregularly paid. This gives mistrust for the locals to use professional help as they’re in risk to receive the incorrect care and other hospitals are far away near the big cities. Therefore, it’s most likely that in Ratanakiri; diseases are known to be paranormal spirit filled with greed, anger and ignorance than a biological infected substance.However in more industrialised places in Cambodia they’ll believe the opposite due to better education, healthcare and scientific awareness. Ratanakiri Hospital ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=6EWLQw9TiCM [ 2 ]. http://www. bbc. co. uk/programmes/b01bmtfx/participants/imam-syaffi [ 3 ]. http://www. bbc. co. uk/programmes/b01bmtfx/features/contrast-binmen [ 4 ]. http://www. fodors. com/comm unity/europe/is-hammersmith-a-good-area-of-london. cfm [ 5 ]. http://www. euromedinfo. eu/how-culture-influences-health-beliefs. html/ [ 6 ].

Case: Balance Sheet and Personal Financial Information

Case Study Companies must report or disclose in their financial statements information about all liabilities, including potential liabilities related to environmental clean-up. There are many situations in which you will be asked to provide personal financial information about your assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. Sometimes you will face difficult decisions regarding what to disclose and how to disclose it. Instructions Suppose that you are putting together a loan application to purchase a home. Based on your income and assets, you qualify for the mortgage loan, but just barely.How would you address each of the following situations in reporting your financial position for the loan application? Provide responses for each of the following situations. a) You signed a guarantee for a bank loan that a friend took out for $20,000. If your friend doesn’t pay, you will have to pay. Your friend had made all of the payments so far, and it appears he will be able to pay in the future. For this situation I would be personally liable for the $20,000 he borrowed. It is both a liability and an expense for both parties.When applying for my loan I would have to make sure to disclose that all payments have been made and on time. Since my friend never failed to make any payments I shouldn’t face too much resistance from getting the loan. In my opinion I would not share or disclose this information with the bank since this particular situation does not seem it will become a problem. b) You were involved in an auto accident in which you were at fault. There is the possibility that you may have to pay as much as $50,000 as part of the settlement. The issue will not be resolved before the bank processes your mortgage request.In this case you are have earned a liability and another expense. It would be highly unethical not to disclose such information with the bank. If for some reason you omit this information and the bank finds out about it later, you could b e at fault since you lied to the institution that evaluated their risks without taking in consideration all of the factors involved. It would be wiser to settle your liability of 50,000 dollars before acquiring new expenses. c) The company at which you work isn’t doing very well, and it has recently laid off employees.You are still employed, but it is quite possible that you will lose your job in the next few months. Since the probability of you losing your job is undisclosed I don’t think it would be necessary to disclose any of this information with the bank. However if you receive a loan and lose your job you would still be held liable with this current expense. The only way to make a definite decision is to wait and see what happens with your company, or in the other if you want to take a risk and make the loan it would be unwise to disclose your current possibility of losing your job.

W1D Tacoma Narrows Bridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W1D Tacoma Narrows Bridge - Essay Example As emphasized, if a different kind of design was used, specifically that of â€Å"Clark Eldridges original design for the 1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge† (Washington State Department of Transportation: What if†¦?, 2005, par. 2), the bridge was perceived to have been able to stand the natural forces and wind speeds that it encountered. The fact was corroborated as a comprehensive evaluation of the cause of the failure finally attested that â€Å"aerodynamic forces never have been taken into consideration in the design of any bridge. Heretofore bridges have been designed to withstand static stresses only† (American Association of Physics Teachers, 2000, p. 14). Thus, the project’s failure was identified to have been sourced in the planning and design stage where information was noted to be crucial and paramount prior to implementation of the structural phase. Washington State Department of Transportation. (2005). Lessons From the Failure of a Great Machine. Retrieved February 24, 2015, from wsdot.wa.gov:

Belonging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Belonging - Essay Example This is the village where our family settled. My reformed life after prison was set to be part of this changed village. â€Å"Man must live!† my friend, who belonged here, encouraged as he tried to prepare for something to eat in the ill-fated structure where we had found shelter. He became my companion that despite the hustles of what life had brought forward; a light at the end of this seeming endless tunnel was eminent. My thoughts were stuck on the newness of what the village presented to me. The village aliveness that used to dominate at night during those old days was no more. People used to dance every night but that was now a thing of the past. As the bubbling of the cooking intensified, leaning on the beam, which was the main support of the structure, some tap! tap! tap!(onomatopoeia) sound could be heard from a distance. Thought started flowing in my mind. The steps though firm, could not afford to miss they were for a woman. But what would a woman be doing outside at such a late night hour? May be a witch? (Rhetoric question) Farming is the primary activity of this community that is still done using the old hoe techniques. Hunting is practiced here but due to its manual involvement, it is only a men’s affair that are masculine enough to handle the harshness of the jungle. It is not the culture of people who belonged here to have women walk at night unless something is extraordinary. Women stay indoors at night and men attend to emergencies but life in this village seemed to have decided to follow its own thoughts (metaphor). As my friend served the food he had prepared for our supper, he kept narrating the events of what the village had become of. The stars that were visible through the wrecked roof of this house seemed to node on everything this friend of mine was telling me. The food had not changed as it reminded me of my mother’s delicacies that bound us together as a family.

Labor Economics European Union labor migration Essay

Labor Economics European Union labor migration - Essay Example That is, it sets very comprehensive goals for itself, covering economic, political, social and regional and international security policy frameworks, in addition to future plans for the expansion of the Union. As a means of understanding the European Union's path and its goals, a brief overview of the evolution process of the Union will be helpful. This overview will provide the basis for a discursive analysis of the phenomenon of labor migration within the framework of the European Union. Labor migration, as the analysis shall highlight, has proven, despite some benefits, to be highly problematic especially since the Barcelona Declaration expanded the parameters of the stated to include migrant labor from within the larger EU neighborhood. In other words, labor migration within the EU is not confined to labor flows between member countries but has been expanded, and further complicated by the inward flow of labor from without the EU. Most people would date the roots of the European Union to the 1940s, yet W.T.M. Molle, traces the roots of European integrationist dreams much further back. Specifically, during the Napoleonic era, marked by the emergence of a modern economic system, as compared to the feudal one that had come before it, certain economic policies were established in order to ease trade between the nations of the European continent.1 From that moment onwards, one finds several policies that attempt to encourage trade within the continent and overcome specific obstacles to trade. When one looks at this fact, one can conclude that from the earliest history, the European countries were guided by the understanding that regional trade and economic links were important for the economies of the different countries and for the purpose of development. The current structure of the European Union, however, does not have its roots in the policies discussed above; those policies only indicate the historical understanding of the importance of regional economic cooperation. Instead, the roots of the current structure are to be found in three distinct treaties. These, as mentioned by Molle, are the "ECSC, the EEC and the EAECP.2 These three treaties are the foundations of the European Union that has emerged nowadays, despite the fact of their having been limited in terms of countries that had been involved and the treaties themselves. For instance, the ECSC was a steel trading treaty that involved only six European nations. This can not be compared in scope to the current structure of the Union but, the fact of the matter is that the success of the Union and the reason why it has emerged today as a model for deep integration is that it proceeded in a step by step manner, dealing with limited areas of economic cooperation and limited numb ers of countries so that they could stabilize each step and move safely to a new level of expanding integration.3 Even though the European Union sought to stabilize and fortify each step in the unification process before progression to the next step, problems inevitably arose. Among the more challenging of these problems directly pertains to the removal of restrictions on capital flow, included in which is labor. The comparatively unchecked labor movement between the variant member countries, on the one hand, and from the larger neighborhood, on

Crime Rates Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime Rates - Assignment Example What are the forces behind these declines? How do the rates of crime in the U.S. compare with other countries? This paper will address these questions through analysis of crime data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the FBI. The aim will be to paint a picture of the relationship between geographical characteristics and crimes trends. In addition, the paper will outline the structure of the PowerPoint presentation for this topic and explain the rationale behind the outlined structure. According to various agencies including the FBI and the U.S. Census Bureau, the rates of crime in the U.S. for the past decade have sharply declined. This presentation will focus on explicating on the proclaimed decrease in crime rates, analyzing crime data from the FBI and the U.S. Census Bureau to ascertain reasons behind this decline, and analyzing the crime trends in relation to demographics. The presentation will first focus on the crime rates data between 1990 and 2010 in some of the largest metropol is based on the reports by the FBI and the U.S. Census Bureau.It will analyze the changes in the rates of rime of this period. During this period, propertyand violent crime significantly declined by about 46 percent and 30 percent respectively. Demographically, the rate of crime in suburbs was lower than in the cities. In almost all large metropolis, crime rates difference between the suburbs and the cities declined by close to two thirds from 1990 to 2010 (FBI, 2010). In most of the cases, the crime rate either fell or rose at once. Suburban communities with a high-density population of older people had the greatest drop in crime rates. Both high-density suburbs and cities registered a drop in violent crime rates. The presentation will then focus on the reasons for the decline in crime rates and impacts of this decline. The decline in crime rates saw diversification of communities, which led to the weakening of the relationship between community demographics and crime. Over this pe riod, the relationship between crime and the characteristics of the community such as the proportion of the population that is poor, Hispanic, foreign-born or black, considerably diminished. For instance, property crime in black communities reduced by half, and violent crime in Hispanic communities disappeared. In comparison with the past, metropolitan areas are safer today. These trends of crime rate decreasehavelargely benefitted more urbanized, more minority, poor and older communities. This is the reason behind the decline inthe difference and contrast between the suburbs and the cities. Understanding this relationship underscores the notion that crime is not only an urban problem, but a metropolitan too. Structure of the PowerPoint Presentation The PowerPoint presentation to that will be used in this topic will be constructed in such a way that allows the audience to understand how crime rates have changed over the years, how and what forces are behind the changes in crime rate , and what difference is there between the U.S. and other countries in terms of crime rate. Introduction Slides The introduction part wil purpose to give a summary background account of the crime rates in the U.S between 1990 and 2010. This will be done by analyzing the FBI and the U.S. Census Bureau crime data. Body Slide The body slides will analyze and outline the decline in crime rates in the U.S. in last two decades as depicticted by the crime data fro the U.S. Census B

ITALIAN ROMAN MOVIE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ITALIAN ROMAN MOVIE - Essay Example De Sica’s perspective of Italy and the neorealist elements of the film are explored at the last section of this paper. 1. Vittorio de Sica’s Life Vittorio de Sica, born on July 7, 1902 and died on November 13, 1974, was a director, actor, and a leading figure of the Italian Neorealist movement (Britannica Online). He used to be a theater actor who loved performing light comedies before establishing his company, and eventually becoming a director (see fig. 1). De Sica acted in about 150 films and directed 35 films of which the most critically acclaimed was â€Å"The Bicycle Thieves†. As handsome as he was, he played leading man roles in films like â€Å"What Rascals Men Are!† One of his films, â€Å"Umberto D.†, didn’t do well in the box-office although it was one of his finest works. Jason Ankeny stated that â€Å"De Sica's career as a filmmaker was critically damaged† (New York Times Online). He went on to act in different films which include â€Å"A Farewell to Arms†, â€Å"It Happened in Rome†, and â€Å"Indiscretion of an American Wife†. He returned to directing in the 1960’s and created the films â€Å"La Ciociara†, â€Å"Ierri, Oggi, Domani†, and â€Å"Caccia alla Volpe† which were critically acclaimed and award-winning. Fig. 1. Vittorio de Sica; Holocaust; Dan.Romascanu.net, n.d.; Web; 7 March 2011. 2. Vittorio de Sica and the Neorealist Movement â€Å"The roots of Neorealism—an emphasis upon simple, honest story lines, a documentary style, the frequent use of children as protagonists, on-location shooting, social themes, and faith in the brotherhood of man† are displayed in De Sica’s films (Britannica Online). As one of the founders of the neorealist movement, De Sica stayed true to the ideals of neorealism which was reflected in a lot of his films. Budget constraints led him to shoot on location, employ untrained actors, and appropriat e simple camera work. â€Å"The Bicycle Thieves† was a simple story that resonated the themes of poverty, economic standing, and class differences. â€Å"Though critical favourites, the films of the Italian Neorealist movement never attained popular acceptance† (Britannica Online). I think the reason behind this was that people were not brave enough to face the realities of life that De Sica showed in his films. He was showing poverty, helpless men, suffering women, etc. which were all hard to bear seeing on screen. His films, I think, also somehow criticized Italian society. He displayed the weaknesses and vulnerabilities of Italian people on screen. â€Å"The Bicycle Thieves† in one scene at the restaurant showed how rich people indulge in drinking and eating while a lot of their countrymen are suffering in poverty. The film also showed the lack of police power as represented when Antonio reported the missing bicycle. But the greatest critique of the movie, I think, is the representation of a man who is slowly losing his dignity because of poverty. The young man who stole the bicycle was the most obvious representation of that. In the last scene of the movie, however, we see Antonio steal a bicycle himself and eventually lose all that he had – dignity and honor. And the cycle of poverty continues. The Italian society must play its part, then, in order to rise above the difficulties of poverty. 3. Postwar Italy Diana Pinto stated that â€Å"Italy in the postwar period has experienced a tormented social and political development spanning the entire gamut of western hopes and

Culture and Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture and Business - Research Paper Example Despite Brazil being one of the countries experiencing a high economic growth, the existing cultural differences may affect business interactions in this country. As earlier indicated, communication is the most important thing in effective transaction of business. In this regard, there are striking differences between in the communication styles. According to the Centre for Intercultural Learning (2009), â€Å"Brazilians tend to get close to each other when a conversation is taking place, no matter what the relationship is between them.† In Western culture, there is a tendency to create a less social distance especially with strangers. In effect, we may experience such differences, which the Brazilians may misconstrue as unfriendly. In addition, the average distance between two people having a conversation in Brazil is around 30 or 40 cm (Centre for Intercultural Learning, 2009). However, only close friends will exhibit such a distance in most cultures. Nevertheless, it is imp ortant for an individual to appear relaxed and friendly when having a conversation since they may talk to an individual while touching them now and then. Such cultural behavior in Brazil is the expectation, which in the Western world is akin to sexual harassment in some cases. In business, modest dressing is one of the major characteristics in our society. In effect, the way of dressing in the Brazilian business setup is similar. However, the way Brazilians address each other in business is informal. In this regard, Brazilians will only use the titles during the introductions stage. Effectively, they will keep referring to each other in their first name during the rest of the conversation following the introduction, which is different from our business culture (Centre for Intercultural Learning, 2009). In this case, Western business culture dictates that we should refer to our colleagues in their titles. In fact, some business cultures will not allow us to address our supervisors at work in their first name, which is unheard off. However, this is the norm rather than the exception amongst the Brazilians. In effect, acquainting oneself with this distinct cultural factor will help an individual realize that Brazilians is not a sign of disrespect but a culture. According to Global Edge (n.d.), Brazilians behavior in meetings appears to be unstructured and natural. In effect, they may appear to lack objectivity while negotiating a business transaction. Therefore, this can negatively affect a business transaction since one can perceive the other party as not interested. In addition, the unstructured behavior may result to deviation from the objectives that the meeting set to attain. In addition, there might be instances in which a Brazilian may bring in personal information during a business conversation. However, it is the culture of Brazilians to talk openly to their partners in business as they seek to form a relationship for successful business. In effect, unde rstanding such differences is crucial for successful business transactions. We all realize the importance of maintaining a proper eye contact while communicating in a business transaction. In fact, our business cult

The Building Blocks of Life Worksheet Essay Example for Free

The Building Blocks of Life Worksheet Essay Part 1: Mitosis and Meiosis Short-Answer Response Use Ch. 5 of BioInquiry and the â€Å"Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis† video as resources for Part 1 of this assignment. Write 75- to 100-word answers to the following questions. Why are the process of mitosis and meiosis both important to a living organism? Mitosis is the process of asexual reproduction of cells. This process is important in order for living organisms to continue to live. If mitosis didn’t happen the living organisms would die when the original cells died off rather than the original cells making new cells that are exactly the same. Meiosis is the process of sexual reproduction where gametes are produced. This is the process of offspring being made. Animals, humans, and other forms of life that reproduce by meiosis would become extinct without meiosis. When would an organism need to undergo the process of mitosis? Meiosis? Mitosis is the process an organism would undergo to reproduce the cells needed to live such as any cell that makes replicas of itself in order to continue to live or to repair itself. Meiosis is the process that is required to reproduce offspring. In order for there to continue to be life forms on earth meiosis is important to continue the cycle of life. Both processes of cell production are important. They work differently but has similarities. They are both just important in the cycle of life. What would happen if meiosis did not occur? If meiosis didn’t occur it would cause endangerment and extinction of species and life forms. Meiosis is an important process to continue all species that reproduce sexually. Meiosis allows sperm and egg to produce gametes which is the beginning of a baby. Without this process populations in all species  would be affected unless the species reproduces asexually. Reproducing asexually means that there is no fusion of gametes to create offspring. Asexual reproduction happens with one parent. It is common in bacteria, fungi, and plants. Part 2: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Matrix Complete the matrix. Use the following questions to aid in completion: What is the purpose of this pathway? Reactants: What does this reaction need to proceed? Products: What is produced because of the reaction? The role of ATP: Does it supply energy or store energy? Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Pathway Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Light-dependent reaction Light-independent reaction Purpose Break down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate Part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates Mediating biochemical reactions that produce adenosine Triphosphate Provide energy for the light-independent reaction To make food and carbohydrates can be synthesized Where it takes place Cell cytoplasm Matrix of the mitochondrion Mitochondria Thylakoids Stroma Reactants ATP, NADH, Pyruvates, CO2, Coenzyme A, PGAL Acetyl CO-A, Oxaloacetate, Citrate, Alpha Ketoglutarate Hydrogen ions, Oxygen, NADH, FADH2 Light, water, ADP, NADP+ ATP, carbon dioxide, and NADPH Products H2O, NADH, ATP Carbon dioxide and ATP Water, ATP O2, ATP, NADPH ADP, NADP+,glucose The role of ATP Oxidizing glucose Finish oxidation of glucose and produce majority of NADH and the only FADH2 ETS accepts energy from carriers in the matrix and stores it to a form that can be used to phosphorylate ADP, Producing ATP for Energy Transports solar energy in the form of ATP to power other chemical reactions Uses ATP from ETC to convert CO2 into G3P. References Pruitt, N. L., Underwood, L. S. (2006). BioInquiry: Making connections in biology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

On Why Hobbes Is More Reasonable Than Locke Essay Example for Free

On Why Hobbes Is More Reasonable Than Locke Essay KeOf all the social contract theories that have been put forth, the most influential perhaps have been John Locke’s and Thomas Hobbes’. While both are Natural Law theorists, they have completely different views of man’s state of nature. John Locke thinks of man in a natural state as a peaceful, social being while Thomas Hobbes thinks of man as an aggressive and greedy man. Both theorists also showed that man doesn’t live in a state of nature, social contracts will be formed to govern the populace. It is, however, the reasons for the formation of these social contracts that are of relevance to this essay. I believe that neither of these theories are accurate depictions of man but Hobbes seems more practical in his theory than Locke. In a state of nature, as perceived by ALL these theories, each man will live a solitary life. Therefore, when resources are scarce and each man is trying to get the best out of the environment, there has to be a way to resolve the conflict that is bound to occur. A social contract has to be made. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes lived in an era when wars were being waged all over Europe. Hobbes saw Spanish Armada, 30 Years War, First Second Bishops’ War, Scottish invasion of England, Irish Rebellion and English Civil War. It is no wonder, then, that he has such a dim view of mankind. Locke starts off by proposing, in his treatise On the Citizen that all men are born with more or less equal faculties of body and mind. There are no natural disparities so great as to give one man exclusive claim to some benefits. People, egoistic as they are, will always try to make their life as comfortable as possible. In a state of nature, it is possible for everybody to live a comfortable life in a certain society. This, however is in the event that the natural resources are too vast to be exhausted. When resources are scarce, which was the case in Europe at Hobbes’ time, men will resort to force to get what they want. The stronger man will live the most comfortable life. This would inevitably lead to the establishment of a kratocracy. In an effort to promote peace and equality, the people will cede their power to the Leviathan, who will proclaim laws that none of the governed will have the power to go against. For this social contract to subsist, the cession of power has to be mutual between the members of the society. In this respect, he endorses our modern view of a constitution as deriving power from the people. Any further explanation of Hobbes’ theory is pointless as far as this essay is concerned. The relevance of Hobbes’ Social Contract theory Most people wrongly get stuck at the point where life is described by Hobbes as â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short†. I have no authority to describe what life was without a social contract as I have never known man to exist in a state of nature for long enough to study. More important to me is what man’s reaction to being in a state of nature is. Man strives to remain peaceful and maintain equality with his fellow man. According to Hobbes, the Leviathan ought to maintain this state by punishing those who unjustly exceed the limits of their power as per the contract. A modern view of the Leviathan is the government, which will enforce the laws that the citizens (through their legislative representatives) have agreed upon (a social contract). Hobbes’ view that the Leviathan should be a monarch is, no doubt, influenced by European politics at the time, which was dominated by monarchies. Hobbes does not argue that man is not a social animal, his argument is based on an economical point of view (self-preservation and development in the Commons). In support of the argument put forth in class, I believe that when faced with a problem that affects many people, the people will come together in an effort to solve it. Hobbes’ problem is maintenance of peace, which is essential for man to live a comfortable life, is solved by appointing an authority (the Leviathan) to ensure that this happens. The biggest argument I could draw from the argument in class was that Hobbes saw man as unable to form any relationships with another so as to achieve a common good. This, I would like to point out, is a state of nature, which I am yet to witness. Hobbes’ biggest undoing perhaps, is his infatuation with preservation of the power of the Leviathan. He says that the Leviathan has the power to punish all who undermine its authority. Elinor Ostrom’s view What I took from Ostrom’s discussion on â€Å"Economics, the State and the Third Sector† is that we should not always look to the state as the solution to all our problems. Furthermore, institutional diversity should be embraced because you cannot have a one-size-fits-all solution for some issues. Where land is a scarcity e. g. The People’s Republic of China, there is a much more urgent for land law than there is in such sparsely populated areas such as Chad’s rural lands. This part of Ostrom’s views I totally agree with. Furthermore, in her treatise, â€Å"Governing the commons†, she demonstrates man’s apathy to a state of nature, coming together to create a law that will govern their use of common property. Conclusion I believe that while man in a state of nature (and otherwise) is greedy and egoistic, being a rational being, man will look for a solution to a common problem by coming together to solve it. The solution to the tragedy of commons as per Hobbes is the establishment of a Leviathan. This eliminates indecision, which is an inherent characteristic of human beings. Clans, tribes, states, empires and monarchies are all headed by a Leviathan of sorts and it is no wonder they are so successful.

Marketing Plan For Airtel Broadband Services

Marketing Plan For Airtel Broadband Services Bharti Airtel (Airtel) is one of the leading providers of telecommunications services in India. The company offers mobile, wire line, broadband and television services. The telemedia services division which includes services like broadband etc recorded revenues of INR30,930.9 million ($674.9 million) in FY2009, an increase of 13.7% over 2008. Bharti Airtel enjoys 13% market share in the broadband market. The total subscribers for the Bharti broadband are 1.14 million. As per TRAIs annual report, the number of broadband subscribers is growing at a healthy rate of 44% year-on-year basis. The estimated total broadband subscribers by the end of financial year 2011 are going to be around 12.3 million. Internet access has become a necessary service. As per Data Monitor, the Indian internet access market grew by 24.7% in 2009 to reach a value of $2,979.3 million. In 2014, the Indian internet access market is forecast to have a value of $6,152.7 million, an increase of 106.5% since 2009. Broadband revolution is upon us, it will be next big thing to Wireless revolution India witnessed in the last decade. Hence it is imperative for Bharti Airtel to increase its footprint in broadband market. It cannot achieve its objective of being the number one telecom industry in India if it ignores this opportunity. In this report we will discuss the plan how Airtel should increase its market share. As a part of report, we have done the situational analysis of Airtel the broadband service provider, as well as the broadband market in India. Our objective is to penetrate the current broadband market. We have identified the market segment Airtel needs to target to achieve its objective. We have proposed marketing action programs considering the 4Ps i.e. Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. In the final section we have analysed the possible impact of these strategies on Airtels bottom line. Bharti Airtel Bharti Airtel Limited formerly known as Bharti Tele-Ventures LTD (BTVL) is an Indian company offering telecommunication services in 19 countries. It is the largest cellular service provider in India, with more than 140 million subscriptions as of July 2010. It offers fixed line services and broadband services. The company is structured into four strategic business units Mobile, Telemedia, Enterprise and Digital TV. The mobile business offers services in 18 countries across the Indian Subcontinent and Africa. Telemedia business provides broadband, IPTV and telephone services in 89 Indian cities. Digital TV business provides DTH TV services across India. Enterprise business provides end-to-end telecom solutions to corporate customers and national and international long distance services to telcos. Globally, Bharti Airtel is the 3rd largest in-country mobile operator by subscriber base, behind China Mobile and China Unicom. Airtel Broadband Services Airtel is the largest private operator having presence in the voice, broadband, IPTV and data. Since launch it has focused on SMB segment Broadband at Homes. It has launched several services the broadband category ranging from DSL with speed 256kbps to 16 mbps. Average Revenue per User ARPU for Quarter ended Jun10 $ 20.6 per month. This segment contributes to 7% of overall revenues of the company. The EBIDTA margin for the product is very high. The total subscribers for the Bharti broadband are 1.14 million. Currently Telemedia services which include broadband services contribute nearly 7% to the companys total revenue. It has its presence in 95 cities across India. Airtel Revenues: $8,150.2 million (FY2009), an increase of 38.3% over 2008. Business divisions Contribution Revenues 2009 Increase over 2008 Mobile services 80.5% $5,998.7 million 36.8% Telemedia services 9.1% $674.9 million 13.7% Enterprise services carrier 7.1% $527.7 million 10.6% Enterprise services corporate 3.3% $243.4 million 19.9% other operations 0.1% $7.9 million 7.2% Others 6.1% $453.9 million 29.6% Purpose and Mission Bharti Airtel recently announced in the Quarterly presentation to the investors there is strategy is Dominant Broadband in targeted 95 cities. With estimated total 12.3 million broadband subscribers in the financial year 2011, to gain about 17% market share the total number of Airtel subscribers needed to be nearly 2 million. Currently BSNL is a market leader with above 60% market share. Hence it is imperative for Bharti to increase its footprint in broadband market. It cannot achieve its objective of being the number one telecom industry in India if it ignores this opportunity. In this report we will discuss the plan how Airtel should increase its market share. The marketing objectives can be summarized as: Increase total number of subscribers to 2 million by the end of 2011. Resulting in capturing the market share of around 17% for broadband users. Increase the contribution of telemedia services which include broadband services to 10% Maintain EBITDA margin of atleast 44% Situational Analysis Current Products Airtel currently offers a number of plans at different prices to suit the requirements of the customers. A brief summary of the current plans is as follows: Plans Tariffs Features-offers Features-speed Airtel Surf Broadband plan Airtel Surf-749 Rs.749 per month  · Comes with Rs.100 free talktime on your Airtel mobile and Free calling value of Rs.100.  · Speed @ Day 256Kbps  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs. 100  · Speed @ Night 1Mbps  · Free Talktime Airtel Pre-paid Worth Rs. 100  · Data Transfer Limit 8GB Airtel Surf-899- Rs.899 per month  · Comes with Rs.100 free calling value on your Airtel fixed line.  · Speed @ Day 256Kbps  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs. 100  · Speed @ Night 256Kbps Airtel Swift Broadband Plan Airtel Swift-1099- Rs.1099 per month  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs. 100  · Browse and download fast at 512kbps.  · Speed @ Day 512Kbps  · Speed @ Night 512Kbps  · Data Transfer Limit Unlimited Airtel Turbo Broadband Plan Airtel Turbo-1299- Rs.1299 per month  · Comes with free world class games.  · Speed @ Day 512Kbps  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs. 100  · Speed @ Night 1Mbps  · Data Transfer Limit Unlimited Airtel Freedom Broadband Plan Airtel Freedom-1699- Rs.1699 per month  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs.100  · Speed 1Mbps  · Free Anti Virus Worth Rs.100  · Data Transfer Limit Unlimited  · Free Unlimited Gaming Worth Rs.199  · Download whatever, whenever without worrying about the bill  · Free Speed on Demand Worth Rs.100  · Free Online Desktop Worth Rs.99 Airtel Freedom-2999- Rs.2999 per month  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs.300  · High speed and unlimited downloads bundled with a host of exciting package.  · Free Anti Virus Worth Rs.100  · Speed 2Mbps  · Free Unlimited Gaming Worth Rs.199  · Data Transfer Limit Unlimited  · Free Online Desktop Worth Rs.99 Airtel Velocity Broadband Plan Airtel Velocity-8999- Rs.8999 per month  · No Free Calling Value  · Speed 50Mbps  · Free Anti Virus Worth Rs. 125  · Data Transfer Limit 200GB  · Free Unlimited Gaming Worth Rs. 199  · Free Online Desktop Worth Rs. 99 Airtel Velocity-7999- Rs.7999 per month  · No Free Calling Value  · Speed 30Mbps  · Free Anti Virus Worth Rs. 125  · Data Transfer Limit 200GB  · Free Unlimited Gaming Worth Rs. 199  · Free Online Desktop Worth Rs. 99 Airtel Velocity-4999- Rs.49999 per month  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs. 300  · Browse faster than ever before at 16Mbps.  · Free Anti Virus Worth Rs. 100  · Speed 16Mbps  · Free Unlimited Gaming Worth Rs. 199  · Data Transfer Limit 100GB  · Free Online Desktop Worth Rs. 99 Airtel Broadband Value Combo 749 Plan  · Monthly Commitment Rs.749  · Broadband Data Transfer Limit : Unlimited  · Free Call Value Rs.150  · Download Speed 256 Kbps Current distribution network In this segment, we try to analyze the distribution strategies of Airtel for its Broadband services, and try to compare and contrast them with the strategies employed by its main competitor in terms of market share, BSNL broadband. From the time of its launch, Airtel tried to position itself as a niche product, charging higher prices for similar products, and expecting the price differential to be covered by the value received by the end user in terms of after sales service, other Value Added Services, Customer Relationship Management etc. While this strategy helped it to gain a sizeable number of loyal customers, with very high preference for the brand Airtel, in absolute terms of market share, it was limited to around 8% of the total broadband market in India, compared to the over 50 % of share commanded by BSNL Broadband. Airtel focused on attracting customer attention and eventual conversion into customers, by the use of celebrities in advertisements, and trying to communicate its significant value proposition to target customers through these advertisements. The actual operational task of converting the interested segment into customers was left to a service agent, who conducted all transactions such as filling up of forms, payment of fees and delivery of modems and other paraphernalia at the place of choice of the customer, most often the place of installation, such as the residence or workplace. While this strategy ensured that the customer did not have to leave the comfort of his own environs for subscribing to an Airtel Broadband connection, it also meant that the visibility of Airtel in comparison to its significant competitors was always less. These factors together could be attributed a major portion of the blame for the comparatively low market share of Airtel. Performance: Airtel has performed at least as better, or in some cases, to a much higher standard, with comparison to its competitors, with respect to its backward chain. Airtel sources its modems from Beetel for its Indian and other South Asian markets, which are supplied to its distributors at the state and regional levels, through a dedicated chain of suppliers. Airtel has internally estimated the efficiency of its backward chain to be 99.9963 %( Source: Company Data), which shows its high dedication and expertise in this area. The distribution to customers is primarily, as mentioned above, through sales representatives, who directly visit the place of installation, and form, to a very high extent, the public image of the company and its products and services, for the general consuming population. BSNL/MTNL: While Airtel competes with many other service providers for the same market segment, BSNL as the major player and the one with the highest market share (on the basis of actual number of subscriber, BSNL has over 53% of the market share: 2009), deserves a special analysis, with focus on its distribution strategies. In the broadband market, BSNL entered with a significant advantage over its competitors. Till the past decade, BSNL was the only provider of fixed line telephones (MTNL for Mumbai and Delhi), and hence could provide the broadband services as a product bundle to its existing and new customers. This made attracting existing customers from BSNL, a major issue for new entrants into the market, as consumers were unlikely to switch from phone numbers and connections, which they had held, in most cases for over a period of 5 -10 years. BSNL focused on distribution of its broadband services through existing telephone exchanges, and its existing network of linemen who wer e already well known in their neighborhoods. This strategy, while playing on the familiar cues for the customers and increasing customer perceptions of trust, also reduced distribution costs for BSNL and led to lower per consumer cost as compared to other consumers. Its modems were sourced from Huawei, a Chinese firm, which again reduced capital costs. However, this had a significant downside in terms of quality of service, with complaints being lodged against disruptions in broadband services at an average estimated rate of 6.3 per day per 1000 consumers within 6 months of launch of the service ( Source : TRAI reports) Airtel realized that the existing strong BSNL telephony network, covering around 93 % of the urban fixed population, in 2000, was a major hindrance in its own growth, within one month of launch of its services, and tried to shift its marketing strategy accordingly, something which has been covered in detail in our analysis of Airtel marketing strategies. To give an overview, it has been established that Airtel launched a new bouquet of plans, immediately after launch, to attract the consumer surplus, by targeting the early adopters and pioneers, by providing services at differential prices, something that was not covered by BSNL. The most famous of these plans, is the Unlimited Plan which provided 256 kbps of speed at Rs. 599 per month, along with unlimited surfing and downloading. This product went on to revolutionize the market, with copycat products being launched by almost all competitors. Current Competitors The TRAI report FY 2010 related to broadband services describes the following subscriber base statistics for the major players in the sector. The total size of the subscriber base for broadband in this time period stood at 8773096. These figures can be further translated into a percentage wise holding which gives a clearer split of the market in terms of Airtel and its broadband competitors. Locations/Coverage: Except for MTNL which operates only in Mumbai and Delhi (and hence falls under category B), the others have a pan-India presence and fall under category A. BSNL of course, is present everywhere except for Mumbai and Delhi. An interesting case in is that of Hathway which offers broadband services only in Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, Nashik, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Mysore and Baroda but accounts for 3.5% of the subscriber base. In stark contrast is the Chennai based ISP Sify, which provides broadband in almost 86 cities across all states except for Himachal Pradesh and the northeastern states barring Assam, but still accounts for only 2.24% of the total subscriber base. Products/Packages: Most competitors offer packages in both prepaid and postpaid plans. Reliance and TATA offer wired as well as wireless connections, both are offered in prepaid and postpaid plans. A restriction could be placed on the amount of data downloaded in a plan or on the number of hours it could be used in a month, thereby making it a Limited plan. The opposite of this is the Unlimited plan. MTNL: MTNLs package is called the MTNL Triband. It offers unlimited plans in speeds ranging from a minimum of 320 KBps costing Rs. 395 per month all the way up to a maximum of 4 MBps costing Rs. 9999 per month. In the limited plans category, MTNL offers a basic plan for Rs. 49 per month for a variable speed from 256 KBps 2 MBps restricted by a limit of 200 MB per month. Anything beyond 200 MB will be charged at Re. 1.00 per MB. There is a variety of these plans which range up to Rs. 1499 per month for variable speeds from 256 KBps-4 MBps restricted by an 8 GB per month download limit and an additional charge at the rate of Re. 0.70 per MB BSNL: BSNL offers plans to the home user ranging from variable speeds of 256 KBp-2 MBps at a minimum monthly charge of Rs 125 restricted to 150 MB data download per month up to 2 MBps for minimum charge of Rs. 3300 per month. Marketing Strategy Segmentation Targeting The household penetration and number of Internet users in India saw growth of 2,243% from 2000-2007, whereas PC penetration increased by 267%. According to the statistics of the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), in 2007 33% of active Internet users in India are working men and 11% are working women. College students account for 21% and schoolchildren make up 14% of active Internet users. Older men and non-working women account for the remaining 21%. According to the association, 16.8 million active Internet users in 30 cities access the Internet from cybercafà ©s. However, the share of cybercafà © as main access point is falling as more people have the ability to access the Internet from their offices. This could be due to an increase in the number of people working in the IT/ITES sector. Usage of the Internet in schools and colleges increased due to the introduction of computers and the Internet in the educational system. Favourable broadband policy and other initiatives by the IT and Telecom Ministry have encouraged Internet use by the masses. Internet usage is mainly prevalent in urban areas since, as most of the content on the Internet is in English, its usage is restricted to the population familiar with English. Another barrier to increased Internet penetration is the exposure to using a PC. In the future, increased Internet penetration would depend on increased literacy, PC education and vernacular content on the Internet. Source: IAMAI Hence we can conclude that majority of the users of internet are College going students (21%) and working men (33%) and most of the users are English Speaking based out of cities. So we can deduct that the segmentation variables in our case would be Age Occupation Location As Airtel broadband has its presence in 95 cities hence the location part of the segment is already in place. Lets analyze the various segments: College Going Student: Heavy users of internet, Demand High speed network Working Professional: Largest in terms of market size Heavy users Demand for high speed network Non-working women Casual users, time spend on internet is much less than time spend by college going student and working professional Indifferent to network speed Price Sensitive Older Men Indifferent to network speed Price Sensitive School Children Limited purchasing power, generally provided by parents Airtel wants to increase its market share hence criteria for evaluation before targeting the market segment should be in line with marketing objectives. Hence to increase market penetration it can look at each segment based on; Market Size Extent of Usage Purchasing Power As market size is evident from the internet usage data provided by the IAMAI we can say Working professionals and college going student forms the majority of market share. For purchasing power we need to look at the average disposable income and monthly expenditure of the segments. Expenditure by Type of Household: 2009 Source: Euromonitor International Key: A. Food and non-alcoholic beverages B. Alcoholic beverages and tobacco C. Clothing and footwear D. Housing E. Household goods and services F. Health goods and medical services G. Transport H. Communications I. Leisure and recreation J. Education K. Hotels and catering L. Miscellaneous goods and services Non working woman, School going children, college going student have limited incomes however working professional can satisfy this criteria. As stated by above graph and average household spends about 8-15% of their income on communications. However, given the couple with children also spends nearly same amount of money on communications school going children can be indirectly targeted by targeting working professional Lets evaluate each market segment on these criteria by plotting a matrix and assigning grade points to each segment. (1 being lowest and 5 being highest) Evaluation Criteria Market Size Extent of Usage Purchasing power Total College Student 4 4 2 10 Working Professional 5 5 5 15 Non-working women 4 2 2 8 School Children 2 3 1 6 Older men 2 2 2 6 Hence we can say to meet our objectives we can target Working Professional and College going student. Sales objectives Let us analyze these two segments on the basis of meeting our sales objectives. Objective: Total Subscribers by 2011 = 2 million Current Subscribers = 1.14 million Additional Subscribers to be added for the next year = 0.86 million Expected Market size Segment 2010 2011 Net Increase College 1.8417 2.596797 0.755097 Working Professional 2.8941 4.080681 1.186581 Hence out of new added 1.94 million subscribers we need to target nearly 0.8 million subscribers to Airtel broadband. This assumption is totally based on new addition. Switchers can make the total subscribers to go beyond the stated objectives. So Target Segments for the AirTel Broad Band are College Going students and Working Professionals. Connections forecast: Subscribers Base (in millions) QE Mar 2009 QE Mar 2010 QE Jun 2010 Y-on-Y Growth QE Jun 2011 Broadband Connections (>=256 Kbps download speed) 6.22 8.77 8.960 41% 14.24(assuming 60% growth) Airtel Connections 0.87 1.1401 1.1648(13% of market share) 84% 2.4208(17% of market share) Revenue forecast: (in mn) Jun-09 Jun10 Y-on-Y Growth Jun 11 Total Revenue 8,551 8,960 5% 9408 EBITDA 3,466 3,938 14% 4489 EBIT 1,797 1,910 6% 2025 EBITDA / Total revenues 40.5% 44.0% Positioning Since college students and working professionals are the target segment for Airtel broadband, the following points can be defined: Point-of-Difference: Airtel should aim at being differentiated from its competitors on the following attributes: High Performance: Airtel should create a strong association between its offerings and high performance at the product/service level primarily by concentrating on providing extremely fast speeds consistent connection speeds across times and distance Reliability: Airtel broadband should concentrate on being characterized by high up times low failure rates and connection drops 24/7 customer assistance and support and reduction in service level agreement metrics like turnaround times and problem resolution times Affordability: Airtel sells its product offerings at a higher price compared to its competitors. This will work for professionals who are well settled and have a steady source of income, but not for college students and price sensitive young professionals who are just a few years into their careers. Customization: Airtel can do well to offer different propositions to different target segments based on an understanding of different needs that college students have from working professionals. This could translate into a better product-pricing offering that takes into account the Internet needs of the targeted users instead of just basing the proposition on speeds, time limits and prices. Points-of-Parity: High speed: Most consumers do tend to associate the word broadband with always-on Internet connections that offer perceptibly higher speeds than narrow band or dial-up connections. Based on these points and the target segment, we can arrive at a positioning strategy that is built around its product-pricing mix as follows: To College students and young working professionals Airtel Broadband offers the best broadband experience for every user Among all broadband providers Because it offers extremely high performance backed by reliability and affordability Pricing Comparison of Airtel Top 5 Selling Plans with Competition (BSNL) Provider Plan Cost GB Limit Download Speed Additional Download Rs/MB Others Airtel Impatience 799 799 5 2 0.2 BSNL BBG 700 4 Airtel Impatience 899 899 6 4 0.1 BSNL BB Home Combo ULF 900 900 UL 4 ( 256 (>8GB) NA Airtel Surf 599 599 3 0.5 0.2 BSNL BBG FN 500 500 2.5 0.6 Night UL Airtel Surf 699 699 4 1 0.2 BSNL BBG 700 700 4 0.5 Airtel Browser 899 Unlimited 899 UL 512 ( 256 (>8GB) NA BSNL BB Home Combo ULF 900 900 UL 4 ( 256 (>8GB) NA BSNL BB Home Combo UL 750 750 UL 512 NA A comparison of Airtels top selling plans with that of the competition shows clearly that the competition is available at a cheaper rate, on almost all the plans. However the difference is not much. Recommendation: Airtel should go in for a competition pricing strategy. Other Avenues BSNL Broadband also has the prepaid option. Just like a mobile phone, one can either buy a value card that will extend the download limit or a validity card that will extend the validity. It is easily possible for Airtel to match BSNL pricing in this regard. It would also benefit a number of sporadic and variable users of the Internet. Recommendations for Distribution Strategy: Based on this analysis, we wish to recommend certain changes in the distribution strategy for Airtel broadband services. The backward chain is operating at optimum, or better than optimum levels, and requires, at this time, no modifications. The forward chain,may however, be slightly modified to help us achieve our marketing objectives better. Some of these are listed below, and detailed financial analysis, may be done, based on data annexed to this report: Open new CSC centers: Existing Customer Service Centres are calculated to be at a density of 1 per 9.63 sq. km of urban area, whereas for the same regions, BSNL has telephone exchanges, which provide a large boutique of services at 1per 4.81 sq. km. Diversify scope of CSC centers: Current CSC centers have been reduced to bill collection and primary consumer redressal agencies, which does not provide significant per acreage returns. Other competitors of Airtel, especially in the GSM arena, such as Vodafone ( Vodafone Stores) and Reliance ( Reliance World), provide a wide variety of services and products at the same location. Airtel, due to its late adoption of this strategy, will have to primarily follow the trends set by the earlier entrants and try to consolidate its own position. This strategy has significant benefits, not only for broadband plans, but also for the entire range of products. Promotion Strategies: Airtel Broadband has a mix of current promotion strategies that pan across online paid ads, websites, tie-ups with major names in personal computer vendors, TV ads, print ads, cold calls. Some of them are cited below: Advertisements on Google and Facebook: One of the promotion strategies used by Airtel is use of ads on Google and Facebook. One such advertisement is show below: The advantage of such advertisements is that they reach out specifical

Restaurant Industry :: essays research papers

Discussion of the problem Sanjay Thomas, a second-year MBA student at M.I.T. Sloan School of Management has three choices after he graduates. The first one is an excellent job offer that he received from a top-flight management consulting firm. The second option is to open an upscale restaurant that will serve Indian gourmet cuisine. The third option is to open the restaurant with his aunt. Each option has positive and negative aspects, but when Sanjay compares them only the financial benefits are relevant. If Sanjay takes the job offered by the management consulting firm he would earn a salary of $80,000 a year. If he decides to open the restaurant, he would face a different scenario. To figure out Sanjay’s salary he would have to take into account three variables: number of meals sold, revenue per meal, and labor cost. If Sanjay opens the restaurant in partnership with his aunt, she would guarantee him a salary of at least $3,500 a month, and in return she would get 90% of all monthly earnings in excess of $9,000. Data Analysis Sanjay estimated the following statistics for the variables that affect the expected salary at the restaurant. First, the number of meals obeys a normal distribution with a mean of 3,000 and a standard deviation of 1,000. Second, the revenue per meals is $20.00 with a probability of 25%, $18.50 with a probability of 35%, $16.50 with a probability of 30%, and $15.00 with a probability of 10%. Third, the labor cost follows a continuous uniform distribution between $5,040 and $6,860. He also estimates that there are two fixed costs. One is the fixed cost per meal of $11 and the other one is non labor cost of $3,995. All these variables and fixed costs were used in a simulation software package to forecast the expected salary on the restaurant for the two situations: one running the restaurant by alone, and the other one, running it with his aunt. Each simulation consisted of 10,000 trials. The result of Sanjay running the restaurant alone is represented in Graph A. With a mean of $10,845 and standard deviation of $8,568 (Table 1), this option shows that the expected salary would be higher than the $6,666 monthly salary that he would earn in the consulting firm ($80,000/ 12). At the same time, the standard deviation projects a high variability on the expected salary, which means that there is the potential of earning more money than at the firm and of losing money running the business.

Rosa Parks: Life and Times :: American America History

Rosa Parks: Life and Times Thesis Statement- Rosa Parks, through protest and public support, has become the mother of the civil rights changing segregation laws forever. Life - Rosa Parks was born only a month before world war one started in Europe on February 4, 1913. Parks mother worked as a school teacher in Tuskegee, Alabama. James McCauley, Rosa's dad was a carpenter. They lived in Tuskegee and owned farmland of their own. After Sylvester was born, Rosa's little brother, her father left them and went off to live in another town. He had been cheated out of his farmland by a white man and couldn't support the family any longer. Rosa her mother and her brother then moved to live with her grandparents on a farm in Pinelevel, which lay between Tuskegee and Montgomery, Alabama. It was a small plot of land, but it kept them all fed. From this point on Rosa was mainly brought up by her Grandparents with the assistance of her mother. Rosa gave up school when she came close to graduating, around the same time Rosa got married. Raymond Parks married Rosa McCauley December 18, 1932. He was a barber from Wedowee County, Alabama. He had little formal educatio n but a thirst for knowledge. Her husband, Raymond Parks, encouraged her to finish her courses. In 1934 she received her diploma from Alabama State College. She was happy that she completed her education but had little hope of getting a better job. When Rosa had finished school she was lucky enough to get a job as a seamstress in a local sewing factory. Prior to the bus incident Rosa was still fighting. She had run-ins with bus drivers and was evicted from buses. Parks recalls the humiliation: "I didn't want to pay my fare and then go around the back door, because many times, even if you did that, you might not get on the bus at all. They'd probably shut the door, drive off, and leave you standing there." An event to remember....- While the fight by blacks for civil rights had been going on for years, it took one middle-aged black woman with tired feet and a strong will to really get the battle going. On the 1st of December 1955, seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing and letting a white bus rider take her seat, she was found guilty of the crime of disorderly conduct with a fine of fourteen dollars. Rosa Parks: Life and Times :: American America History Rosa Parks: Life and Times Thesis Statement- Rosa Parks, through protest and public support, has become the mother of the civil rights changing segregation laws forever. Life - Rosa Parks was born only a month before world war one started in Europe on February 4, 1913. Parks mother worked as a school teacher in Tuskegee, Alabama. James McCauley, Rosa's dad was a carpenter. They lived in Tuskegee and owned farmland of their own. After Sylvester was born, Rosa's little brother, her father left them and went off to live in another town. He had been cheated out of his farmland by a white man and couldn't support the family any longer. Rosa her mother and her brother then moved to live with her grandparents on a farm in Pinelevel, which lay between Tuskegee and Montgomery, Alabama. It was a small plot of land, but it kept them all fed. From this point on Rosa was mainly brought up by her Grandparents with the assistance of her mother. Rosa gave up school when she came close to graduating, around the same time Rosa got married. Raymond Parks married Rosa McCauley December 18, 1932. He was a barber from Wedowee County, Alabama. He had little formal educatio n but a thirst for knowledge. Her husband, Raymond Parks, encouraged her to finish her courses. In 1934 she received her diploma from Alabama State College. She was happy that she completed her education but had little hope of getting a better job. When Rosa had finished school she was lucky enough to get a job as a seamstress in a local sewing factory. Prior to the bus incident Rosa was still fighting. She had run-ins with bus drivers and was evicted from buses. Parks recalls the humiliation: "I didn't want to pay my fare and then go around the back door, because many times, even if you did that, you might not get on the bus at all. They'd probably shut the door, drive off, and leave you standing there." An event to remember....- While the fight by blacks for civil rights had been going on for years, it took one middle-aged black woman with tired feet and a strong will to really get the battle going. On the 1st of December 1955, seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing and letting a white bus rider take her seat, she was found guilty of the crime of disorderly conduct with a fine of fourteen dollars.

Roles and responsibilities of leaders

Management and leadership go hand in hand for effective running of activities and processes within the organization. As brilliantly put by many authors, success can never be achieved in any organization without the engagement of a good leader who is able to restructure, solve problems and guide other employees within their organizations. Previous it has been strongly suggested that leadership and management approaches within an organization affect the way service provision is delivered and eventually the performance and success within the organization. Excellency in leadership always starts with the leader and the way he treats those under his management, communication is the most crucial and delegation of power to the rest of the members of the organization, responsibilities should be entrusted to the rest of the staff in the organization so that they can always be part of the solution to matters pertaining the organization. (Newstrom, 1997) The term leadership entails the motivation of people or a team in order to achieve certain organizational goals and objectives. One of the main roles for leaders is to influence the people they lead through incentives, promotions, discipline, dynamics and teamwork with the aim of attaining and maintaining a healthy organizational culture.   Leaders have the responsibility of being participative, supportive, directive and more importantly achievement adjusted with a view to defining certain tasks for their followers (Newstrom, 1997). Many organizations require that their leaders design work agenda for their followers and get concerned with their aspirations, feelings, achievements, problems and outside environment in order to centre all interests to the organization. For a perfectly healthy organization, the leader has to be the servant of the workers in the sense that, he always listens to the workers and do as they want the work done because usually they are the people who are at the ground and they tend to understand the organization better than the leader, so its up to the leader to see that he communicates perfectly with his staff in matters pertaining enhancement of the organization.  Ã‚   (Conger and Pearce, 2003) In every organization, leadership is crucial for maintaining a healthy organizational culture within itself. The main role that a leader is entitled to undertake is to plan, control and direct other individuals to perform specific tasks within the organization. Organizational culture usually entail the –lets work together- spirit whereby the organization behaves like a ‘society’ where there   are values, norms and rules which   all individuals adhere to. Since these are people who work together under the guidance of their leaders, certain beliefs are entrenched in their lives which give birth to encouragement and enthusiasm thus a healthy organizational culture. Leaders therefore utilize a healthy organizational culture to balance work life chores in order to achieve the best form the employees. (Conger and Pearce, 2003) The most important and powerful resources within any organization are the leaders. These are the people who are responsible for influencing the way the organizational culture and climate is modeled. They either create good or bad working environments and thus they are able to determine the development agenda for the organization (Newstrom, 1997). Good management culture starts with a good understanding of effective communication i.e. politeness and patience; Previous research has indicated that employees tend to work better when cherished up by leaders who are up to the task. However, due to diversity, lack of training, lack of motivation, diversification among today’s leaders and lack of definite systems to govern leadership today, there has been slow improvement and many organizations have been failed by their leaders. Reference Conger, J.A., and Pearce, C.L. (2003): Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Newstrom, W. (1997): Organizational Behavior; Human Behavior at Work; New York: McGraw-Hill

My Career as Social Work Practitioner Essay

When I considered social work as a profession the decision was one made with great ease. As a juvenile I faced many hardships that still affect my everyday life. After beginning my education as a social work major I now realize I was a youth that lacked a necessary advocate. Alot of problems that I dealt with could have been disputed or even prevented had I been able to receive certain resources and interact with the proper professionals. I notice also that there are more potential cases than professionals available to solve them today. The world we live in lacks advocates with the well-being of those suffering social problems in mind. My past and the sight I have gained for the future ,alone lead me to the profession of a social worker. As an adolescent I found myself in and out of the juvenile correctional system for various incidents. I now can say I struggled with many typical issues faced by those of my generation, while at the time not knowing of any help available to me outsid e of my home. Not only did I struggle with acting out but I also had many emotional tribulations that I later found could be maintained by seeking help from a clinical professional. While feeling I was at an dead end I met a social worker through Harris County JJAEP named Thelma Herman. With the help of Mrs. Herman I was able to take benefit of all the help and resources I was once lacking. She got involved in the middle of a big crisis in my life that lacked a lot of understanding from those around me. Her influences’ put me in the right direction with my education and allowed me to regain a hold on my life. Once I took advantage of various programs such as; Houston Advocates, MHMRA, and Snap, I was able to notice a great difference in my everyday life due to these resources. When I decided to further my education I spent a period of time looking for a profession that would suite my purpose of wanting to help others, that were in like situations of my own. Helping the youth, educating parents, and providing necessary resources’ for a family to properly function, can all be achieved in the social work profession. In the future as a social worker, I plan to practice at a micro level in schools or possibly a juvenile detention center. Past experiences alone will give me the basis I need to successfully help my clients and give them the necessary resources to be productive in life. My ultimate career goal will be to open a girl’s home, that offers all resources needed for girls age 13-21 with the intentions all who come through the doors will lead successful lives as an adult. I feel that every bit of my goals as a social work practitioner are achievable and thus the reason I find this very profession suitable.

Relationship between IQ and GPA Essay

In this study, relationship between Intelligence Quotients (IQ) and Grade Point Average (GPA), the correlation is very strong. Correlation is known to be a positive. The meaning of this correlation is the relationship between the Intelligence Quotients (IQ) and the Grade Point Average (GPA). This correlation implies that individual with high Intelligence Quotients (IQ) have a high Grade Point Average (GPA), in my opinion it does imply that the having a higher IQ means that you brain is Intelligence Quotients. This means you are smarter, therefore your GPA will be higher. This correlation by the information was giving to me, did not have enough information to tell if having a high IQ causes higher GPA. More evidence would have been needed to answer this question appropriate. Students who have metal impairment or other mental disabilities where not mention in this case study in order to determine if it would influence this relationship. The connection between correlation and causation is according to text is the two characteristics co-vary, or vary together, does not resume that one necessary cause the other. Some of the factors that affect the size of this correlation are shapes of distribution, sample sizes, outliers, restriction of range,  aggregate samples, ecological, inferences, random error of measurement, and correlations with third variables (Chen & Popovich, 2002). Correlation is a good predicting GPA for this test because it allows one to compare variables together on one chart. Reference Chen Y, Peter. & Popovich M, Paula. (2012). Factors Affecting the Size and Interpretation of Pearson’s Saga Research Methods.Retrieved from http://srmo.sagopub.com/view/correlation/d35.xml

Observation and Reflection Essay

Observation My partner, Jude, and I were partners and we decided to observe the volleyball game at the gym. While watching the game, there was a group of PNUan girls that caught my attention. So I decided to let them be the subject of my observation. That group of girls was really wild and loud as opposed to the rest of the audience watching the game. They shouted and cheered for the PNU team. Whenever the team scores, they stood up and cheered at full volume. They even had this jingle that goes like this â€Å" P-N-U FIGHT FIGHT FIGHT! † and sometimes mentioned a name of one of the players. But, I noticed that when the game started to reach its climax, those girls booed the opposing team every time they scored . Reflection: Maybe those girls are just really fond of watching volleyball games. Maybe they just want to show their support and encouragement to the PNU players that is why they were acting somewhat wild and loud. Actually, they are such good adherents of our Men’s Volleyball team because they were really at the top of their voices in cheering for the team. They also showed effort and commitment in supporting the team. But I find it ill-mannered when they started booing the other team. For me, it is good to support our players but supporting them does not include being rude to the others. They did not only humiliate their selves, but they have given shame to our school. In that simple action, they just showed that we PNUans are no better. But that is just my point of view. I learned from this experience, that simple actions can really affect your character. That even if you do a whole lot effort in doing something, if you stepped on someone’s dignity while on the way, it will never matter. We should always consider those people around us while performing our actions . We should practice thinking twice before we decide and do something. At the end of the day, what matters is on how we treat and associate with the people around us.

A marketing plan and analysis for a fictional company

A marketing plan and analysis for a fictional company The Business name is IwishU. IwishU is a new E-business that allows people to send cakes and flowers to around United Kingdom. IwishU will allow to customer place order through company website (www.iwish.com) using computer and internet as well as a website that allows ordering  to occur anywhere in the world. The company was founded by Sanjaya D. Wickramanayake and I will invest my own money and my parents’ money for this business. Success Factor The main feature of company, Customer can make customised cake any way that they would like. Some people might show their fervour for a particular image from camera, others a designed image or customers might have a greeting on their cake. Whatever customer may decide,  customer can print any image on cake.   Vision The company will start with a greatest vision. It is IwishU will offer customers the best gift at the best price and best time. Milestones Make business plan. Rent a Building IwishU will buy web domain before opini ng Business’s website must be completed one month before opening. Business will be opening after business plan completed Search engine marketing will be an ongoing expense after the launch. IwishU will be on advertising to make the IwishU web site popular in first year. IwishU plans to be profitable within the first year of business. Business Logo Product and service The company will make most popular cake flavours such as chocolate, marble, and vanilla. However other flavours available upon request. Cake prices start at  £35 per serving for a basic design and flavour. Price will depend according to the weight and size of the cake. The IwishU will create customised cakes using edible printing system. Customised cake will cost for customer  £ 60 to  £75 due to cost of the icing printing. Our florists receive fresh cut flowers from the whole seller. The flowers will be wrapped and delivered with guaranteed quality. Price of flowers start at  £30 and price will be depend ing on type of flowers and different sizes of arrangements. Company is going to buy flowers from Oasis floral product in Newcastle upon Tyne. IwishU will have a comprehensive website that allows ordering  to occur anywhere. But our delivery facility is available only within the United Kingdom. We are delivering our cakes and flowers using Royal mail Special Delivery or DHL express delivery. Customer can track their order online. IwishU has condition it is Orders should be placed at least two days before desired date. Delivery cost depends on size and weight. If customer sends a using royal mail delivery system cost is starting from  £  £5.70 otherwise customer will choose DHL delivery, service cost is starting from  £ 8.99. All orders will include a greeting card as a free service. Market Analysis Target Audience IwishU will be targeted at obtaining both the local (UK) customers and overseas customers. First target of the IwishU is, grab the north east customers because busi ness will operate in city of Newcastle. According to (Office for National Statistics, 2010) ‘The North East had a population of 2.6 million in mid-2008, an increase of 1.3 per cent since 2003.’ IwishU will focus on people who are using in internet because IwishU is an e-business it required computer with internet connection and basic computer knowledge. According to (Great Britain, National statistics, 2006) 46% percent households with internet access. So it is good market size for business. IwishU plan to promote this business in North east using brochures as direct marketing medium because people want printed brochure to take home and read at their free time, It help to describe our product draw up a list of product information and people expect a genuine company to have printed sales papers otherwise people fear buying an costly products from an unknown online vendor.

Stock option backdating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stock option backdating - Essay Example Backdating can take on several meanings. The most culpable form of backdating involves "intentionally changing the date used to set an option's exercise price to one on which the stock's price was at a low" (Ellsworth et al., 2006). This form of backdating was abetted by the relatively lax legislation before the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted in 2002. The Sarbanese-Oxley Act mandated that stock options be filed within 2 days after they are granted (FindLaw, 2002), mitigating the backdating problem. Before the Sarbanese-Oxley Act came into effect, option grants were reported using Form 5 which primary use is for the disclosure of "the transactions and holdings of directors, officers, and beneficial owners of registered companies" (Securities and Exchange Commission, n.d.). Furthermore, the form is required to be filed only "on or before the 45th day after the end of the issuer's fiscal year" (Securities and Exchange Commission, n.d.). This essentially means that if the stock options w ere granted early in the fiscal year, investors would not come to know of them until almost 1 year later, giving more leeway for insiders to manipulate the date on which the exercise price was established. Most of the 63 companies involved in stock option backdating "relate to a roughly six-year period prior to the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation" (Grant and Nuttall, 2006). ... Such company actions and policies include sloppy documentation, delays in the grant approval process, and the wrong interpretation of APB Opinion No. 25 Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees (Ellsworth et al., 2006). Summary of Statement No. 123 Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees prescribes that the intrinsic value or fair value based method of accounting be used for the valuation of stock options (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1995). Most companies continue with the intrinsic value based method of accounting (Ellsworth et al., 2006). Under the intrinsic value based method, "compensation cost is the excess, if any, of the quoted market price of the stock at grant date or other measurement date over the amount an employee must pay to acquire the stock" (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1995). If company actions are efficient, the measurement date would be the same as the grant date, and no compensation cost is recorded. More often than not, due to procedures such as the signing of the resolution by the directors, the measurement date would be at a later date than the grant date. If the price of the underlying stock has risen over the period between the measurement date and the grant date, the stock option is in the money and the difference should be recognized as compensation expense. Backdating occurs when companies, whether intentionally or unintentionally, choose to use the price of the underlying stock on the grant date as the basis for measuring the compensation cost. An example of the above form of backdating of stock options is Michaels Stores Inc., which understated compensation expenses by as much as $60 million between 1990 and 2001 (Bulkeley, 2006; Maremont, 2006). Michaels

Creating a table of contents Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creating a table of contents - Assignment Example The law is applicable to employers with 20 or more employees including state and local governments. ADEA was amended by Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990 (OWBPA) to prohibit employers from depriving the older workers from benefits (EEOC, n.d.). The cost of providing benefits to older workers was greater than the cost of providing the same benefits to younger workers. This works as a disincentive to employers to hire older workers. It has however been permitted that an employer can reduce the benefits based on age as long as the cost of providing the benefits is the same as the cost of providing the benefit to the younger workers. There has been a sharp increase in the number of age-discrimination complaints filed with the EEOC and has been largely attributed to the weak economy and an aging workforce. Today there are more older employees to discriminate against and more economic incentives to do so (Puri, 2003). According to EEOC age discrimination claims were up by 29% in 2008 which is almost double the increase in age discrimination claims (Ghilaarducci, 2009). When it comes to cutting costs, older workers are the targets of layoffs. When companies are forced to reorganize, the older workers are perceived as incapable of keeping up with new technologies. The employers get the support of the law and hence use business strategies as a cover to purge older workers (Puri, 2003). However, an aging workforce can be invaluable asset and organizations using age discrimination as a measure of cost savings are actually spending more than what they would in retaining older employees. The organizations have a perception that older workers do not and cannot perform as well as the younger workers and they cannot or will not change to the market requirements (Cappelli, 2009). It is just a belief that the older workers cannot perform as well as the younger workers. Older workers cannot adapt to change, are not tech savvy and cannot keep with the changing

Head Start Early Education Program Annotated Bibliography

Head Start Early Education Program - Annotated Bibliography Example Educational development is both a short-and long-term goal. As noted by Sciarra et al. (2015), the program serves the at-risk preschool-age children. To ensure its continuity, funds are provided by the federal government through the U.S Department of Health and Human Services. The transition from preschool to elementary school results in varied changes in the development of the child such as the need for children to engage successfully with their peers outside the home and adjust the space and requirements of the classroom. To that effect, the McWayne et al (2012) discuss how the Head Start Early Education Program is designed to develop strong family relationships, improve the children’s educational performance, and design an environment to develop strong cognitive skills. Deming (2009) asserts that the Head Start Educational program is among the longest-running programs in America that attempt to address systematic poverty and improve educational performance. It is equally important to note that the ABCD Head Start program is at the forefront of cutting-edge work in early education. The program helps the children develop their brain (Action for Boston Community Development, 2015). Lee (2011) illustrates the effect of the duration of Head Start enrollment on the academic outcomes of children. The study reported that the program improved performance. Furthermore, the article by Besharov and Call (2009) critique the program outlining its weaknesses. The article provided crucial information on elements of the policy that require reform. Lee, K. (2011). "Impacts of the duration of Head Start enrollment on childrens academic outcomes: Moderation effects of family risk factors and earlier outcomes." Journal of Community Psychology 39 (6),

Values Portrayed In Popular Media Research Paper

Values Portrayed In Popular Media - Research Paper Example The internet sphere is one that is witness to phenomenal growth which dynamically evolves to simplify things and complicate them almost simultaneously. Social networking on the internet has revolutionized the way people communicate and interact with their fellow beings wherein every facet of modern life is documented and reflected in the online medium via the social networks. The problem of random child molestation, pornography, stalking and even grievous crimes as murder have also found origin in the information gathered from the social networking websites. Thus this would be the best area for research that leads us to understand the current internet culture and its malignant effects with universal impact. Bard Williams credits the internet to be a culturally, racially, physically and sexually blind medium that facilitates the broadest exchange of ideas (Williams, 1999; p: 9) and yet after the euphoria over internet and its possibilities normalized the questions on values, ethics portrayed by the modern technological culture found light. The research shall take into consideration the broad aspects of development of internet sphere into a super-medium which has considerable influence in the way of shaping a modern internet culture that contributes to the value system of individuals. It narrows down the focus to contemplate on the value probabilities of networking websites and their impact on young minds who are seen as perpetrators of cyber-bullying and peer harassment.(Diem & Berson, 2010,p; 136) The paper shall emphasize on the emergence of a radical social culture via online networking which creates a paradoxical situation of degenerating social fabric while increasing the scope of interactions as a whole. Lovnik notes that internet idealism is difficult to attain as it calls for synthesis of critical micro practises and the vista of macro- sized speculative theory. (Lovnik, 2003; p5)Thus this paper

Technology in Air Pollution Reduction Research Paper

Technology in Air Pollution Reduction - Research Paper Example The paper "Technology in Air Pollution Reduction" discovers Technology in Air Pollution Reduction. Particulate matter can also be removed using an Electrostatic Air Cleaner (or Electrostatic Precipitator). An Electrostatic Air Cleaner is used in industries such as pulp mills, oil & fired utilities and oil refineries. Putantunda suggests that this air pollution control method uses the energy generated by an induced electrostatic charge, to collect particulates from any flowing gas. The filtration devices are efficient and effective in trapping particles, like dust and smoke, from a stream of gas. The mechanism of Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) involves: gas ionization, electric charging of the gas particles, transportation of the particles to the collection surface of the ESP neutralization of the charge of the gas particles and removal of dust particles from the collecting surface. The ESP is advantageous because it is can be modified during manufacture so that it has a near perf ect efficiency of collecting particulates. The electrostatic precipitator can also work automatically when fitted with control devices. An important consideration when determining whether to engage in technology is cost. The ESP has a very low maintenance cost demands. However, the capital required to apply this technology is substantial. This technology is only restricted to trapping particulates only. It is impossible to trap air pollutants like the sulfur oxides using ESP. Sulfur oxide (SO2) is removed.... The incoming exhaust gas is sprayed with limestone generating carbon dioxide and solid calcium sulfate (Kumar, n.d.). The lime scrubber method is also used to remove sulfur oxide where lime instead of limestone is used instead. The scrubbing liquid is usually water. The particulate collection process can be follows four steps: transportation of the particles, collision of the particles with water droplets due to surface tension and the removal of water droplets from the particles. Wet scrubber technique is useful in trapping air pollutants in the form of solids and gases. It is however expensive to maintain because it easily corrodes. Another demerit of using this technology is that, it has a waste system consisting of the scrubbing liquid laden with the pollutants. After it has been used, this liquid poses a danger of water pollution if not properly disposed. Compared to the ESP technology, the wet scrubber uses more energy in terms of electricity. This is because energy is used in the flowing scrubbing liquid that traps air pollutants. However, for the ESP, the only energy applied is for the particulates being collected. Catalytic converters The Advanced Clean Air Technologies (ACAT) unveiled an advanced catalytic converter that can reduce emissions drastically; testing parameters depict a high efficiency in reducing of particulate matter released to the atmosphere and a subsequent air pollution reduction. Catalytic converters involve unsophisticated technology for the appropriate tuning of vehicle engines to control vehicle emissions. For catalytic converters to function properly, they require platinum and palladium catalysts which are attached to a ceramic material. This technology is very effective in controlling car emission as it provides a high

Incentive Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Incentive Plan - Assignment Example During the period 2001-2005 which was considered the worst period for airlines it still made money on each and every year. A key to its success is keeping its planes full by capturing enough flying passengers. However, there is one other key aspect of its success that is rarely talked about and that is its incentive plan for its employees. Southwest Airlines has an outstanding corporate culture that encourages all its employees to render extra services to make flying with them a satisfactory experience. The founder of Southwest Airlines, Mr. Herb Kelleher, attributes the airline’s success to its unique culture that is intangible and hard to imitate by its competitors. It is this spirit of competitiveness that has propelled the airline forward to continuous profits over the years. In this regard, the airline adopts the total rewards style of management that recognizes employee performance (Jenses, McMullen & Stark, 2007, p. 61). The management uses incentive plans so that it gets employee buy-in and total commitment to its corporate objectives. The purpose of the program is to attract and retain top talent. Southwest Airlines has one of the longest hiring policies that lasts up to about six weeks through a series of tests and interviews to make sure that prospective employees fit into its fun culture termed as â€Å"LUV† as hiring managers emphasize work attitudes more than work skills. Once hired, employees are expected to help keep costs down so the airline will remain profitable despite its low fares. A reason why Southwest is profitable is because its employees are very productive, using a ratio of passengers per employee (Southwest: 2,400:1, United: 1,175:1 & Continental: 1,125:1). All employees of Southwest Airlines are eligible for its incentive plan which is profit-sharing. In fact, the firm implemented the first

Partisan Comedies Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Partisan Comedies - Thesis Example Reviews done by various popular media outlets as well as people’s reactions on the show will be analyzed. In conducting such study, the researcher proposes that partisan comedies in the US have significant influence on the social and political views of the American people. Introduction Comedy is a form of entertainment art which primary purpose is to provoke laughter. It does not only include the elements of humorous dialogue or actions but also the elements of surprise, incongruity, conflict, repetitiveness, and the effect of opposite expectations. Actually, there are various forms of comedy based on their source of humor, the method of delivery, and the context in which it is delivered (Griffin, p.1). One of the most popular forms of comedy is satire. It is a composition that deals with the fragments of society. And the person who uses satire is called satirist. Certainly, the word satire was coined to describe a collection of literary poem or commonly known as poetic medley. Then, it may also mean a poem that was riddled with vices. It was widely used to describe many works of literature that exposes foolishness or vices in humans, organizations, or even governments. It is a form of entertainment which uses the art of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or humor/comedy in order to effect reaction, change or even to prevent it. It is widely available in written verse or prose, vocal and even in visual form (Griffin, p.1). Today, partisan comedy shows are becoming very popular in the US since it was revolutionized in media. In fact, it becomes an effective tool especially in exposing political and social issues. Thus, this research paper attempts to determine the specific publication or revi ews, or media perception of partisan comedy shows in the US as well as to analyze the influence of the show or comedy on published opinion and public reaction through review of published literature and to determine any link or consequential political or governmental action regarding the comedy or show. The researcher has found these objectives important in this study because these have significant contribution in the evolution of partisan comedy in the United States. Literature Review Evolution of Comedy in US Comedy is a popular literary or entertainment which usually use humorous performance, satirical tone, or jokes to amuse and make the audience laugh. It also includes the elements of surprise, incongruity, conflict, repetitiveness, and the effect of opposite expectations. Actually, comedy was used in varied forms of arts and entertainment. But, the development of each form also marked the conceptualization and development of another form i.e. the radio comedy leads in the devel opment of comedy in television (Rourke, 324). In the United States, partisan comedies can be traced back after the American Revolution when the country was already freed from worries and chaos and when the American citizen begun to appreciate the works of art such as comedy. At first, comedy was only used in writing and speaking but years later it expanded in other forms such as in literatures, cartoons, magazines, animation, theater, vaudeville, radio, recordings, television and films even in standup comedy (Rourke, 324). In literature, the earliest available material for comedy and satire was the work of Thomas Morton from Marymount, which was entitled the â€Å"New English Canaan† published and circulated in 1637. The author used humor and wit to compare the cultural values of native people and English Puritan colonists. Another was